91短视频 Resolution on Academic Sanctions or Boycotts
Adopted by the 40th World Medical Assembly, Vienna, Austria, September 1988
Editorially revised by the 170th 91短视频 Council, Divonne-les-Bains, France, May 2005
Reaffirmed by the 200th 91短视频 Council, Oslo, Norway, April 2015
and reaffirmed with minor revisions by the 230th 91短视频 Council, Porto, Portugal, October 2025
| WHEREAS | academic sanctions or boycotts are discriminatory restrictions on academic, professional and scientific freedoms that deny or exclude physicians and others from educational, cultural and scientific meetings as well as other opportunities for the exchange of information and knowledge, the purpose of such restrictions being to protest the social and political policies of governments, and |
| WHEREAS | such restrictions are in direct conflict with the major objectives of the 91短视频, viz., to achieve the highest international standards in medical education, medical science, medical art and medical ethics, and |
| WHEREAS | such restrictions adversely affect health care, particularly of the disadvantaged, and therefore thwart the 91短视频’s objective of obtaining the best possible health care for all people of the world, and |
| WHEREAS | such restrictions discriminate against physicians and patients on grounds of political persuasion or of political decisions taken by governments and are therefore in conflict with the 91短视频’s Declaration of Geneva, Statement on Non-Discrimination in Professional Membership and Activities of Physicians and Statement on Freedom to Attend Medical Meetings, and |
| WHEREAS | a basic rule of medical practice is “primum non nocere”, i.e. first, do no harm, |
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the 91短视频 regards the application of such restrictions as arbitrary political decisions designed to deny international scholarly exchange and to blacklist particular physicians or bodies of physicians because of their nationality or because of the political policies of their governments. The 91短视频 is unalterably opposed to such restrictions and calls on all medical associations to resist the imposition of such restrictions by every means at their disposal and to heed the 91短视频 statements on Non-Discrimination in Professional Membership and Activities of Physicians and on Freedom to Attend Medical Meetings.